HAOXiao-di,WANGBang-yan,CAODa-qi,et al.Global Trends of Desalination towards Large-scale Engineering Applications[J].China Water & Wastewater,2022,38(10):18-24.
海水淡化工程全球大规模应用发展趋势
- Title:
- Global Trends of Desalination towards Large-scale Engineering Applications
- Keywords:
- desalination; reverse osmosis (RO); distillation; costs of produced freshwater; ecological footprint; water diversion on a long distance
- 摘要:
- 淡水缺乏是全球近一半人口（约37.5亿人）目前普遍面临的问题，且事态还在进一步加剧。为解决缺水问题，沿海甚至近海城市对海水进行淡化已变得愈来愈普遍，工程应用水平正朝着大规模化方向发展，以至于中东地区已出现日产水量百万吨级淡化工厂。与远距离调水及污水深度处理回用相比，海水淡化最低生产成本目前已降至3元/m3以下，通常也不会超过5元/m3，这就逐渐改变了人们对海水淡化成本昂贵的传统认识。随着海水淡化主流技术——反渗透（RO）能耗的降低以及太阳能与风能等清洁能源的利用，海水淡化成本与其生态足迹必将大为减少；电-水联产也会使热蒸馏海水淡化法的成本显著降低。在介绍全球大型海水淡化工程应用基础上，总结海水淡化产水成本与其生态足迹，展望海水淡化作为不可或缺补充淡水资源的大规模应用前景。
- Abstract:
- Lack of freshwater is a common problem faced by nearly half of the world’s population (about 3.75 billion), which would be further aggravated in the future. To resolve the problem of water shortage, the desalination of seawater on site has been more and more commonly used in coastal and even adjacently-coastal cities, and its application level is developed towards large-scale engineering projects. Some desalination plants over 1×106 m3/d have been established in the Middle East. Compared to water diversion on a long distance and effluent reuse of advanced wastewater treatment, the lowest production cost of desalination has been declined to less than 3 yuan/m3 (normally no more than 5 yuan/m3), which has gradually changed people’s traditional minds about high cost of desalination. The costs of desalination and its ecological footprints would be greatly reduced with the energy consumption reduction of RO (the mainstream technology for desalination) as well as the use of clean energy such as solar and wind energy. Moreover, the costs of desalination by distillation would also be significantly reduced due to the combination of combined power and heat (CHP) and freshwater. The costs of production and ecological footprints of desalination were summarized based on introducing large?scale desalination projects in the world, and desalination as an indispensable supplement of freshwater resources was finally prospected for large-scale engineering applications.
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